A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method has been proposed for the determination of low-level mutagenic and carcinogenic nitrosamines in particulate matter. The method includes the collection of particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) using a dichotomous Partisol 2025 sampler and extraction of the compounds from aqueous solution with dichloromethane/2-propanol after sonication with a slightly basic water solution prior to their GC-MS analysis in electron impact mode. The obtained recoveries of nitrosamines ranged from 92.4 to 99.2 %, and the precision of this method, as indicated by the relative standard deviations, was within the range of 0.95-2.46 %. The detection limits obtained from calculations using the GC-MS results based on S/N = 3 were found within the range from 4 to 22 pg/m3. The predominant nitrosamines determined in particulate matter were N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodibutylamine and N-nitrosomorpholine. Furthermore, N-mono- and dinitrosopiperazine and N-nitrosoethylbutylamine were also determined. N-dinitrosopiperazine was detected in PM2.5 samples at the highest concentrations of up to 22.85 ng/m3 and in PM2.5-10 samples at concentrations up to 7.60 ng/m3 in winter, whereas it was found in PM2.5 samples up to 5.15 ng/m3 and in PM2.5-10 samples up to 3.12 ng/m3 in summer. The total concentrations of nitrosamines were up to 161.4 ng/m3 in fine and 53.90 ng/m3 in coarse fractions in winter, whereas in summer were up to 35.24 and 12.60 ng/m3, respectively. The concentration levels of nitrosamines fluctuated significantly within a year, with higher means and peak concentrations in the winter compared to that in the summertime. The seasonal variations of particle-associated nitrosamine concentrations were investigated together with their relationships with meteorological parameters using Pearson's correlation analysis in the winter and summer periods. Analysis of variance was used to determine which concentrations of nitrosamines were statistically different from one another and, together with meteorological parameters and discriminant analysis, was used to classify the particle samples by particle size according to seasons. The classification results of the particle samples in different seasons were very satisfactory, allowing 99.5 % of cases to be correctly grouped. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Eser Adı (dc.title) | Seasonal variations of particle-associated nitrosamines by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the atmospheric environment of Zonguldak, Turkey |
Yazar (dc.contributor.author) | Akyüz M. |
Yazar (dc.contributor.author) | Ata Ş. |
Yayın Yılı (dc.date.issued) | 2013 |
Yayın Türü (dc.type) | article |
Özet (dc.description.abstract) | A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method has been proposed for the determination of low-level mutagenic and carcinogenic nitrosamines in particulate matter. The method includes the collection of particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) using a dichotomous Partisol 2025 sampler and extraction of the compounds from aqueous solution with dichloromethane/2-propanol after sonication with a slightly basic water solution prior to their GC-MS analysis in electron impact mode. The obtained recoveries of nitrosamines ranged from 92.4 to 99.2 %, and the precision of this method, as indicated by the relative standard deviations, was within the range of 0.95-2.46 %. The detection limits obtained from calculations using the GC-MS results based on S/N = 3 were found within the range from 4 to 22 pg/m3. The predominant nitrosamines determined in particulate matter were N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodibutylamine and N-nitrosomorpholine. Furthermore, N-mono- and dinitrosopiperazine and N-nitrosoethylbutylamine were also determined. N-dinitrosopiperazine was detected in PM2.5 samples at the highest concentrations of up to 22.85 ng/m3 and in PM2.5-10 samples at concentrations up to 7.60 ng/m3 in winter, whereas it was found in PM2.5 samples up to 5.15 ng/m3 and in PM2.5-10 samples up to 3.12 ng/m3 in summer. The total concentrations of nitrosamines were up to 161.4 ng/m3 in fine and 53.90 ng/m3 in coarse fractions in winter, whereas in summer were up to 35.24 and 12.60 ng/m3, respectively. The concentration levels of nitrosamines fluctuated significantly within a year, with higher means and peak concentrations in the winter compared to that in the summertime. The seasonal variations of particle-associated nitrosamine concentrations were investigated together with their relationships with meteorological parameters using Pearson's correlation analysis in the winter and summer periods. Analysis of variance was used to determine which concentrations of nitrosamines were statistically different from one another and, together with meteorological parameters and discriminant analysis, was used to classify the particle samples by particle size according to seasons. The classification results of the particle samples in different seasons were very satisfactory, allowing 99.5 % of cases to be correctly grouped. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. |
Kayıt Giriş Tarihi (dc.date.accessioned) | 2019-12-23 |
(dc.date.available) | 2019-12-23 |
Yayın Dili (dc.language.iso) | eng |
Konu Başlıkları (dc.subject) | Atmospheric particulates |
Konu Başlıkları (dc.subject) | Discriminant analysis |
Konu Başlıkları (dc.subject) | Fine and coarse |
Konu Başlıkları (dc.subject) | GC-MS |
Konu Başlıkları (dc.subject) | Nitrosamines |
Haklar (dc.rights) | info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess |
ISSN (dc.identifier.issn) | 0944-1344 |
Sponsor YAYINCI (dc.description.sponsorship) | Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi: 2007-13-02-02 110T569 Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu |
Sponsor YAYINCI (dc.description.sponsorship) | Acknowledgment The authors wish to thank Bülent Ecevit University (2007-13-02-02) and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, project no. 110T569) for the opportunity and support to carry out this research. |
İlk Sayfa Sayısı (dc.identifier.startpage) | 7398 |
Son Sayfa Sayısı (dc.identifier.endpage) | 7412 |
Dergi Adı (dc.relation.journal) | Environmental Science and Pollution Research |
Dergi Sayısı (dc.identifier.issue) | 10 |
Dergi Cilt Bilgisi (dc.identifier.volume) | 20 |
Tek Biçim Adres (dc.identifier.uri) | https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1758-y |
Tek Biçim Adres (dc.identifier.uri) | https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12628/7476 |