Baird D. | Fairbairn A. | Jenkins E. | Martin L. | Middleton C. | Pearson J. | Asouti E.

Article | 2018 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America115 ( 14 )

This paper explores the explanations for, and consequences of, the early appearance of food production outside the Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia, where it originated in the 10th/9th millennia cal BC. We present evidence that cultivation appeared in Central Anatolia through adoption by indigenous foragers in the mid ninth millennium cal BC, but also demonstrate that uptake was not uniform, and that some communities chose to actively disregard cultivation. Adoption of cultivation was accompanied by experimentation with sheep/goat herding in a system of low-level food production that was integrated into foraging practices rather t . . .han used to replace them. Furthermore, rather than being a short-lived transitional state, low-level food production formed part of a subsistence strategy that lasted for several centuries, although its adoption had significant long-term social consequences for the adopting community at Boncuklu. Material continuities suggest that Boncuklu’s community was ancestral to that seen at the much larger settlement of Çatalhöyük East from 7100 cal BC, by which time a modest involvement with food production had been transformed into a major commitment to mixed farming, allowing the sustenance of a very large sedentary community. This evidence from Central Anatolia illustrates that polarized positions explaining the early spread of farming, opposing indigenous adoption to farmer colonization, are unsuited to understanding local sequences of subsistence and related social change. We go beyond identifying the mechanisms for the spread of farming by investigating the shorter- and longer-term implications of rejecting or adopting farming practices. © 2018 National Academy of Sciences. All right reserved Daha fazlası Daha az

Matur F. | Çolak F. | Ceylan T. | Sevindik M. | Sözen M.

Article | 2013 | Turkish Journal of Zoology37 ( 4 ) , pp.470 - 487

We used 33 blind mole rats belonging to 10 different chromosomal races from 10 localities in western Turkey. We applied G-and C-banding techniques to compare chromosomal races as well as clarifying relationships between them. We discussed cytogenetic similarities and differences between chromosomal races. We concluded that 2n = 60C is the ancestor of the other chromosomal races. However, as a result of ongoing evolution processes 2n = 38 and 2n = 60K have become ancestors to chromosomal races on their peripherals. We discovered which rearrangements contribute to the evolution of such a complex chromosomal race system in a genus. Wit . . .h this study we provide a comprehensive comparison of the 10 chromosomal races and perform a cladistic analysis using chromosomal rearrangement character states. According to our tree, chromosomal races with a low diploid number formed a monophyletic group. © TÜBİTAK Daha fazlası Daha az

Matur, Ferhat | Colak, Faruk | Sevindik, Murat | Sozen, Mustafa

Article | 2011 | ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE28 ( 1 ) , pp.61 - 67

Nannospalax is a genus of blind rodents adapted to living in underground. The species have numerous chromosomal forms in Turkey, and their taxonomic position is still unknown. In this study, 15 mole rats of four different 2n = 50 forms were used; C- and G- banding processes were applied; and a comparison was made accordingly. Karyological results showed that the 2n = 50S form is a new form for Turkish blind mole rats. 2n = 50S form is determined from Andirin (Kahramanmaras) and has NF = 70. The 2n = 50W form, on the other hand, differs from the others with NF = 74 form. C-banding results showed that heterochromatin blocks of all 2n . . .= 50 are different, while only the 2n = 50W form has telomeric heterochromatin blocks. G-banding results, however, displayed homologies and differences among the chromosomal forms. After comparison, we determined that Robertsonian fusion is an efficient force on chromosomal evolution in blind mole rats in Turkey, and that telomeric heterochromatin is a distinctive character for the 2n = 50W form. We suggest that the chromosomal changing mechanism should be independent from climatic peculiarities. These results support the theory that ancestral karyotype should have the largest distribution in a chromosomally variable species Daha fazlası Daha az

Baird D. | Asouti E. | Astruc L. | Baysal A. | Baysal E. | Carruthers D. | Fairbairn A.

Article | 2013 | Levant45 ( 2 ) , pp.175 - 209

This paper discusses the only substantive evidence for the Epipalaeolithic of central Anatolia. This evidence allows revised understandings of phenomena often proposed as characteristic of the Epipalaeolithic of South-west Asia including the appearance of sedentism, a putative Broad Spectrum Revolution, intensive plant exploitation and the emergence of distinctive ritual and symbolic practices. It also allows further evaluation of the effect of Late Glacial climate change on human behaviours.

Sözen M. | Çolak F. | Sevindik M. | Matur F.

Article | 2015 | Folia Zoologica64 ( 2 ) , pp.167 - 172

Blind mole rats are model organisms for studies of chromosomal evolution, and have a variety of chromosomal forms in Turkey. This study was performed on subterranean mole rats of Nannospalax xanthodon (Satunin, 1898) and N. ehrenbergi (Nehring, 1898) in Turkey. Karyotypes of 63 specimens originating from 30 localities were analysed. Two new cytotypes with 2n = 54 from Adana and 2n = 56 from Karaman, two different populations of the cytotypes 2n = 54C and 2n = 58S, and four different chromosomal arm numbers of the 2n = 60 cytotype (NF = 74, 76, 78 and 80) were determined in N. xanthodon. The cytotypes characterized by 2n = 54, NF = 7 . . .4 from Tufanbeyli and Saimbeyli in the Adana province (54S), and by 2n = 56, NF = 70 from Karaman (56K) are new for N. xanthodon in Turkey. A population of N. ehrenbergi from the Osmaniye province in southern Anatolia had a complement with 2n = 56, NF = 70 Additional karyological records for other cytotypes have extended their known distribution areas, and filled most karyological gaps in Turkey. © 2015, Czech Academy of Sciences All Rights Reserved Daha fazlası Daha az

Kandemir, Irfan | Sozen, Mustafa | Matur, Ferhat | Kankilic, Teoman | Martinkova, Natalia | Colak, Faruk | Ozkurt, Sakir O.

Article | 2012 | FOLIA ZOOLOGICA61 ( 1 ) , pp.25 - 33

We described the genetic variation of cytochrome b gene sequences of blind mole rats in Turkey. We examined 47 individuals belonging to nine cytotypes of three superspecies Nannospalax leucodon, N. xanthodon and N. ehrenbergi in the 402bp gene sequence of cytochrome b. Phylogenetic analyses showed that relationships between cytotypes were well supported, but deeper divergence between species showed insignificant relationships. Cytotypes of N. xanthodon with low diploid number of chromosomes from western Turkey formed a monophyletic group distinct from the populations with higher number of chromosomes (2n = 56-60). The monophyly of N . . .. xanthodon was supported with respect to N. leucodon (2n = 56) in the Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenies. The divergence between two analyzed cytotypes of N. ehrenbergi (2n = 52, 2n = 56) was 9.4 %, and the Kilis cytotype (2n = 52) appeared as the basal branch of the whole analysed dataset. N. ehrenbergi cytotypes were paraphyletic and they formed unsupported relationships with previously described N. galili (2n = 52), N. golani (2n = 54), N. carmeli (2n = 58) and N. judaei (2n = 60) from Israel. The results of this study showed that the Nannospalax species complex most likely represents more species than currently recognized, especially in N. xanthodon. We suggest that cytotypes of N. xanthodon and N. ehrenbergi from Turkey should be investigated in detail as possible candidates for being separate species Daha fazlası Daha az

Karadavut, Zekeriya | Yesildal, Uensal Yilmaz

Article | 2007 | MILLI FOLKLOR ( 76 ) , pp.102 - 112

Primitive mankind accepted the living and unliving creatures around him as drinking, breathing and living creatures like himself and didn't separate himself from these creatures so that sometimes had relative relations with the animals. When these relations gained a profitable dimension, beliefs and legends occurred. The deer is one of the chief animals about which Turks formed beliefs and legends. In that case, Turks didn't also cut their relation with deer in every different period they lived; they adapted deer to their new conditions. In this article, deer which appears as derivation element hunting animal, guide, is going to be . . .evaluated with the help of examples Daha fazlası Daha az

Baird, Douglas | Asouti, Eleni | Astruc, Laurence | Baysal, Adnan | Baysal, Emma | Carruthers, Denise | Fairbairn, Andrew

Article | 2013 | LEVANT45 ( 2 ) , pp.175 - 209

This paper discusses the only substantive evidence for the Epipalaeolithic of central Anatolia. This evidence allows revised understandings of phenomena often proposed as characteristic of the Epipalaeolithic of South-west Asia including the appearance of sedentism, a putative Broad Spectrum Revolution, intensive plant exploitation and the emergence of distinctive ritual and symbolic practices. It also allows further evaluation of the effect of Late Glacial climate change on human behaviours.

Matur F. | Çolak F. | Sevindik M. | Sözen M.

Article | 2011 | Zoological Science28 ( 1 ) , pp.61 - 67

Nannospalax is a genus of blind rodents adapted to living in underground. The species have numerous chromosomal forms in Turkey, and their taxonomic position is still unknown. In this study, 15 mole rats of four different 2n = 50 forms were used; C- and G- banding processes were applied; and a comparison was made accordingly. Karyological results showed that the 2n = 50S form is a new form for Turkish blind mole rats. 2n = 50S form is determined from Andirin (Kahramanmara) and has NF = 70. The 2n = 50W form, on the other hand, differs from the others with NF = 74 form. C-banding results showed that heterochromatin blocks of all 2n = . . . 50 are different, while only the 2n = 50W form has telomeric heterochromatin blocks. G-banding results, however, displayed homologies and differences among the chromosomal forms. After comparison, we determined that Robertsonian fusion is an efficient force on chromosomal evolution in blind mole rats in Turkey, and that telomeric heterochromatin is a distinctive character for the 2n = 50W form. We suggest that the chromosomal changing mechanism should be independent from climatic peculiarities. These results support the theory that ancestral karyotype should have the largest distribution in a chromosomally variable species. © 2011 Zoological Society of Japan Daha fazlası Daha az

Bennison-Chapman L.E. | Hager L.D.

Article | 2018 | Journal of Archaeological Science99 , pp.112 - 123

The residents of Boncuklu Höyük, a mixed forager-farming community dating to the pre-ceramic Neolithic c. mid-9th to mid-8th millennium cal. BC, used their hands to manipulate local clays into artefacts, often leaving behind traces of their palm prints and fingerprints on the surface of the objects. Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI), a digital imaging technique that uses multiple images and mathematical models to reveal the 3-dimensional shape of an artefact's surface, provides a detailed, post-processing interactive view of the prints on each artefact. Geometric clay objects are the single-most abundant artefact category at . . .Boncuklu Höyük with over 1000 clay objects recovered and studied at this central Anatolian village to date. The aim of the project is to understand the manufacture, use, and disposal of geometric clay objects at Boncuklu Höyük through an analysis of the hand and fingerprints present on their surfaces. RTI reveals palm and fingerprints on more than half of the study sample consisting of eighty-eighty clay artefacts. Analysis of the prints using friction ridge density protocols indicates that adult females were the primary makers of the artefacts. The results were unchanged when taking into account artefact shape and type, and when considering temporal and locational data. The association of these artefacts during manufacture principally to women suggests an early link in the life of the object to women, potentially suggesting a gender based division of tasks at Boncuklu Höyük. © 2018 Elsevier Lt Daha fazlası Daha az

Kılınç G.M. | Omrak A. | Özer F. | Günther T. | Büyükkarakaya A.M. | Bıçakçı E. | Baird D.

Article | 2016 | Current Biology26 ( 19 ) , pp.2659 - 2666

The archaeological documentation of the development of sedentary farming societies in Anatolia is not yet mirrored by a genetic understanding of the human populations involved, in contrast to the spread of farming in Europe [1–3]. Sedentary farming communities emerged in parts of the Fertile Crescent during the tenth millennium and early ninth millennium calibrated (cal) BC and had appeared in central Anatolia by 8300 cal BC [4]. Farming spread into west Anatolia by the early seventh millennium cal BC and quasi-synchronously into Europe, although the timing and process of this movement remain unclear. Using genome sequence data that . . . we generated from nine central Anatolian Neolithic individuals, we studied the transition period from early Aceramic (Pre-Pottery) to the later Pottery Neolithic, when farming expanded west of the Fertile Crescent. We find that genetic diversity in the earliest farmers was conspicuously low, on a par with European foraging groups. With the advent of the Pottery Neolithic, genetic variation within societies reached levels later found in early European farmers. Our results confirm that the earliest Neolithic central Anatolians belonged to the same gene pool as the first Neolithic migrants spreading into Europe. Further, genetic affinities between later Anatolian farmers and fourth to third millennium BC Chalcolithic south Europeans suggest an additional wave of Anatolian migrants, after the initial Neolithic spread but before the Yamnaya-related migrations. We propose that the earliest farming societies demographically resembled foragers and that only after regional gene flow and rising heterogeneity did the farming population expansions into Europe occur. © 2016 The Author(s Daha fazlası Daha az

Büyükmeriç Y. | Wesselingh F.P.

Article | 2018 | Quaternary International465 , pp.37 - 45

Three species of lymnocardiine cockles (Bivalvia: Cardiidae) from Late Pleistocene deposits near Karapınar (Konya Basin, Anatolia, South Turkey) are reported. Two of the three species are described as new (Monodacna pseudocolorata and Adacna yaninae). A third species (Hypanis ?plicatum) is represented by two incomplete valves. Radiocarbon ages of circa 35–43 kA were obtained for the fauna. The lack of lymnocardiine cockles in Pleistocene Anatolian inland lake deposits raises the possibility that the new record represents a short lived occurrence. We raise the possibility that the Karapınar Basin cockles may have been introduced from . . . the Black Sea region through avian dispersal, although we cannot rule out their cryptic existence in the region during the Pleistocene. The apparent absence of Monodacna colorata group of cockles in the Black Sea Basin during the last glacial raises the possibility that the Karapınar region may have served as a true refugium rather than just a sink for Pontocaspian biota. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd and INQU Daha fazlası Daha az