Saraçoğlu, Nedim

Makale | 1998 | Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry22 ( 3 ) , pp.215 - 225

Bu çalısmanın amacı, Dogu Karadeniz Bölgesi Kızılagaç Mescerelerinin tek agaç gövde hacım miktaralarının tahmin edilmesidir. Bölgesel (çift girişli) Gövde Hacim Tablosu, Perşembe-Hopa/Kemalpaşa arasında yayılıs gösteren saf, aynı yaşlı, müdahale görmemiş, normal kapalı ve doğal gelişen 55 Kızılağaç geçici deneme alanlarında seçilen 510 deneme ağacının verilerine göre düzenlenmiştir. Bölgesel Gövde Hacım Tablosunun düzenlenmesinde Regresyon yöntemlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bu amaçla 6 hacım modeli seçilmiştir. The objective of this study is to estimate the stem volume per single tree for Alnus glutinosa Gaertn subsp. barbata (C.A. Me . . .y.)Yalt. stands of East The Blacksea Region. Double Entry Volume Table was constructed by means of the material collected at the 510 sample trees, were choosen in 55 temporary trial plots taken in the pure, even aged, untouched, normal stocked and naturally grown stands of the Alnus barbata between Persembe and Hopa-Kemalpasa. Several mehods were in evaluation of material and constructing the table. It was based on Regression Methods in obtaining Double Entry Volume Table. 6 volume models were choosen for this purpose Daha fazlası Daha az

Kara, Ömer | Bolat, İlyas

Makale | 2008 | Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry32 ( 4 ) , pp.281 - 288

Karayilmazlar S. | Balaban E.

Makale | 2000 | Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry24 ( 1 ) , pp.11 - 18

In this study, a model was used for the optimization of product mix (the amounts of each product in the mixture) in particleboard industry by using linear programming. A theoretical model was constructed in which operations research methods and linear programming were applied to the maximization of the profit of a particleboard mill (KÖYKOBIR) as the consumer of industrial wood. To this end, 1993-1994-1995-1996 production, sales, stock quantities and costs as well as data related to capacities of the chipping, drying, pressing, sanding and gluing units were processed. Moreover, processing times of every product at these units were c . . .alculated. The linear programming model to determine optimum stock quantity, sale, production of particleboard at eight different thicknesses planned to be produced in 1997 was solved by industrial Lindo program and the results are shown in the tables Daha fazlası Daha az

Örs Y. | Sönmez A. | Uysal B.

Makale | 1999 | Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry23 ( SUPPL. 2 ) , pp.389 - 394

Wood is an important material used in construction elements. However since it can be affected by biotic and abiotic deteriorating agents, it should be treated with chemical impregnating materials prior to use. In this study, the effects of water-soluble impregnating chemicals on the combustion resistance of wood was investigated. For this purpose, panels were prepared with oriental beech wood (Fagus orientalis L.) and pine wood (Pinus silvestris L), which are widely used in industry. These panels were impregnated with potassium nitrate (KNO3), zinc sulfate (Zn SO4), sodium tetra borate (Na2 B4 O7), sodium sulfate (Na2 SO4) and coppe . . .r sulfate (Cu2SO4). Two different methods were used for impregnation of the wood samples: extended dipping without pressure, and and full cell with either 60 minutes vacuum-60 minutes pressure, or 30 minutes vacuum-30 minutes pressure. The amount of weight lost during flame- and non-flame burning showed that impregnation with Cu2SO4, Zn SO4 and Na2 SO4 increased the fire resistant of pine and oriental beech wood. For this reason, the full-cell method is more effective in impregnation Daha fazlası Daha az

Tunay, Metin | Varol, Tuğrul

Makale | 1999 | Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry23 ( supp2 ) , pp.441 - 457

Bu çalışma, Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi ormanlarında ve orman depolarında uygulanmakta olan yükleme, boşaltma ve istişeme işlerinde kullanılan yöntemlerin zaman, verim, masraf yönünden kıyaslanması ve bu faaliyetlerin rasyonel olarak nasıl yapılabileceğinin ortaya konulması amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Seçilen örnek çalışma birimlerinde insan ve makine gücü kullanılarak yapılan yükleme, boşaltma ve istişeme faaliyetlerinin iş kısımlarına ilişkin zaman etütleri devamlı çalıştırılan kronometre yöntemi ile yapılmıştır. Zaman etütleriyle saptanan değerlerin karşılaştırılmasıyla en yüksek yükleme verimine (19.807 m3/saat) sahip olan Granab . . .4515 in yıllık yükleme hacmi 8500 m3 ü aşan alanlarda kullanılmasıyla işletme masraşarı minimize edilebilecektir. Aynı olguyu istişeme çalışmaları için düşünürsek; en yüksek istişeme verimine sahip olan (79.437 m3/saat) Caterpillar 920 nin yıllık istişeme hacmi 148 000 m3 ü aşan alanlarda kullanılması gerekir. This study was conducted on methods used in loading, unloading and stacking carried out in forests and forest depots in the western Black Sea region. The aims of this study were to compare methods in terms of time, cost and productivity, and to make suggestions on how these activities could be made more efficient. Time studies were conducted using human and mechanical force for loading, unloading and stacking operations in chosen sample working units, with continuously running chronometer. The results, according to analysis of time measurements, show that administration expenses canbe minimized by using Granab 4515, which has maximum loading productivity (19.807 m3/h) in areas with annual loading capacities of over 8500 m3, and Caterpillar 920, which has maximum stacking productivity (79.437 m3/h), in areas with annual stacking capacities of over 148.000 m3 Daha fazlası Daha az

Tunay M. | Varol T.

Makale | 1999 | Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry23 ( SUPPL. 2 ) , pp.441 - 447

This study was conducted on methods used in loading, unloading and stacking carried out in forests and forest depots in the western Black Sea region. The aims of this study were to compare methods in terms of time, cost and productivity, and to make suggestions on how these activities could be made more efficient. Time studies were conducted using human and mechanical force for loading, unloading and stacking operations in chosen sample working units, with continuously running chronometer. The results, according to analysis of time measurements, show that administration expenses canbe minimized by using Granab 4515, which has maximu . . .m loading productivity (19.807 m3/h) in areas with annual loading capacities of over 8500 m3, and Caterpillar 920, which has maximum stacking productivity (79.437 m3/h). in areas with annual stacking capacities of over 148.000 m3 Daha fazlası Daha az

Tankut N. | Tankut A.N. | Zor M.

Makale | 2014 | Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry38 ( 1 ) , pp.148 - 158

The present study examined the bending moment capacity and rigidity of T-type out-of-plane furniture joints and investigated the effects of heat treatment, wood species, and joint type factors on these joints. Heat treatment method clearly decreased the modulus of rupture (MOR) and the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of selected wood species. The bending strength of wood samples was reduced after the heat treatment, decreasing with increased loss of mass. For the heat-treated T-type joints, maximum bending strength values were obtained with Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) for both mortise and tenon (MT) joints and blind MT (BMT) joints. The . . . lowest reduction in bending strength was observed in Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) constructed with MT joints and with BMT joints. In general, the BMT joint had higher bending strength than MT joints. The best rigidity constant (7.21) was obtained with control Iroko BMT joints, while the worst rigidity constant (15.10) was obtained with control Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis L.) MT joints. In terms of heat-treated samples, the best rigidity constant (7.59) was obtained with Black pine (Pinus nigra L.) MT joints, while the worst rigidity constant (14.01) was obtained with Oriental spruce BMT joints. The maximum performance in joint stiffness was determined for Iroko sample BMT joints and Iroko MT joints. Lowest reduction in joint stiffness was observed in Scotch pine MT joints and Ash BMT joints. Heat treatment, wood type, and joint type had a significant effect on the bending strength of T-type MT post-rail joints. BMT joints produced from heat-treated Iroko wood can be considered as the most durable T-type joint for outdoor sitting furniture construction. © TÜBİTAK Daha fazlası Daha az

Tankut, Ali Naci | Tankut, Nurgül

Makale | 2005 | Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry29 ( 6 ) , pp.493 - 498

Yakın zamana kadar birleştirmeler ile ilgili detaylar çoğunlukla deneme yanılma metotlarına dayaiı geleneksel bir kapsamda değerlendiriliyordu. Günümüzde mobilya mühendislik tasarımında önceden belirlenmiş dirençte birleştirmelerin sağlanması gerekli görülmektedir. Bu bakımdan, çalışmada nominal olarak aynı şartlarda ve farklı biçimlerde yuvarlatılmış lamba-zıvana, dikdörtgen lamba-zıvana, dikdörtgen zıvanalı/yuvarlatılmış lambalı birleştirmelerin direnç değerleri araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, her uç biçimi farklı kayıt genişliklerinde ve iki zıvana genişliğinde karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar dikdörtgen zıvanalı birleştirmelerin hem yuvar . . .latılmış zıvanalı hem de dikdörtgen zıvanalı/yuvarlatılmış lambalı birleştirmelerden yaklaşık % 15 daha dirençli olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca; birleştirme geometrisi birleştirmelerin direnci üzerinde önemli derecede etkili çıkmıştır. Zıvana genişliği ve uzunluğu arttıkça birleştirmelerin direnci iyileşmiştir. Lambalı zıvanalı birleştirmelerde uç formlarının birleştirme direnci üzerinde fark edilir derecede etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Örneğin, dikdörtgen lambalı zıvanalı birleştirmeler yuvarlatılmış lambalı zıvanalı birleştirmelerden daha dirençli bulunmuştur. Fakat bu durum yuvarlatılmış lambalı zıvanalı birleştirmelerin sandalye konstrüksiyonlarında kullanımını kısıtlamaz, bilakis yuvarlatılmış lambalı zıvanalı birleştirmeler iç gerilmeleri yuvarlatılmış zıvanalara daha yeknesak dağıtarak ayak eiemanlarindaki çatlama riskini düşürürler ve bundan dolayı sandalye iskeletlerinde ön ayak/yan kayıt bağlantılarında kullanılabilirler. Ancak üçüncü tip birleştirme şekli olan dikdörtgen zıvanalı/yuvarlatılmış lambalı birleştirmeler sandalye konstrüksiyonları için tatminkâr bulunmamıştır. Until recently, detailing of joints was largely a matter of tradition, based on trial and error methods. However, in the engineering design of furniture, it is necessary for designers to create joints with a specified strength. This study was undertaken accordingly, to obtain the strength of round tenon/round mortise, rectangular tenon/rectangular mortise and rectangular tenon/round mortise joints assembled under nominally identical conditions with different end configurations. In addition, each end configuration was compared at rail widths, each with 2 widths of tenon. The results showed that rectangular end mortise and tenons are about 15% stronger than both round end mortise and tenons and rectangular end tenons fitting into round end mortise joints. Meanwhile, joint geometry has a significant effect on the strength of those particular joints. As tenon width and length were increased, the strength of the joint was correspondingly improved. The type of mortise and tenon end has an appreciable effect on the breaking strength of the joints as rectangular end mortise and tenons are stronger than round end mortise and tenon joints; however, this does not limit the use of round end mortise and tenon joints in chair construction. It may actually be advantageous to use round end tenon and mortise joints for the front leg/side rail joint in a chair frame as the internal stresses may be more uniformly distributed over the rounded ends of the mortise, thus reducing the risk of splitting the leg member. The third type of construction, with a square end tenon fitting into a round end mortise, was, however, less satisfactory Daha fazlası Daha az

Saraçoğlu, Nedim

Diğer | 2000 | Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry24 ( 2 ) , pp.147 - 156

The objective of this study was to estimate biomass per tree for Alnus glutinosaGaertn. subsp. barbata(C. A. Mey.) Yalt. stands in the east Black Sea region of Turkey, Dry-weight tables constructed by means of the material collected from 86 sample trees chosen in 19 constructed by means of the material collected from 86 sample trees chosen in 19 trials in the Black Sea region between Persembe and Kemalpasa within 10-1510 m altitude. Sample plots were established 0.04 ha in size in stands of various maturity stages, sites and density classes within the specified population. The plots were laid as squares (20x20 m) using the N-Sand E- . . .W cardinal directions. All living and dead trees larger than or equal to 5.1 cm dbh were measured and recorded in all sample plots. Where possible, at least two sample trees of average health and vigor and of unbroken top from each dbhob class of living trees and from different heights within the dbh classes were selected for mass and volume sampling. Each sample tree was cut at approximately 0.30 m above groung level. On each living tree height, diameter, double bark thickness and total age were measured. All the branches of the trees were cut, subdivided and piled separately in three groups. All leaf-bearing twigs and leaves were removed from the live branches. New cones and the old cones of the previous years were collected and piled separately. The main stem was cut at 1/3, 2/3 and the top of merchantable height. Green mass of the three sections of the merchantable stem, large live branches, small live branches, dead branches, new and old cones were taken and recorded separately.Green mass of twigs and leaves were taken and recorded together. Green mass the top portion of the main stem was taken andrecorded.One bunch of samples of twigs and leaves (each sample being about 150 gr), some samples from each pile of cones, two sample disks (8 cm to 10 cm length) one from the large and one from the small living branches, four sample disks 3 cm to 4 cm in thickness from the breast height, the lower and of the sections 1/2, 1/3 and of the top of the merchantable stem were collected. All the Sakallı Kızılagaç ( Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn subsp. barbata(C.A. Mey.) Yalt.) Biyokütle Tabloları samples were put in polyethylene bags and brought to the laboratory for further measurements. The annual rings and diameters on the lower side of each disk taken from the stem were measured. A wedge was cut from each disk taken from the stem for wood density measurements. The green-mass and ovendry-mass measurements of the disks taken from the stem, leaves and twigs were taken. The following equation was used to estimate oven-dry weights of single tree components and whole tree.KA + $b_0$ + $b_1d^2$ + $b_2h$ The objective of this study was to estimate biomass per tree for Alnus glutinosaGaertn. subsp. barbata(C. A. Mey.) Yalt. stands in the east Black Sea region of Turkey, Dry-weight tables constructed by means of the material collected from 86 sample trees chosen in 19 constructed by means of the material collected from 86 sample trees chosen in 19 trials in the Black Sea region between Persembe and Kemalpasa within 10-1510 m altitude. Sample plots were established 0.04 ha in size in stands of various maturity stages, sites and density classes within the specified population. The plots were laid as squares (20x20 m) using the N-Sand E-W cardinal directions. All living and dead trees larger than or equal to 5.1 cm dbh were measured and recorded in all sample plots. Where possible, at least two sample trees of average health and vigor and of unbroken top from each dbhob class of living trees and from different heights within the dbh classes were selected for mass and volume sampling. Each sample tree was cut at approximately 0.30 m above groung level. On each living tree height, diameter, double bark thickness and total age were measured. All the branches of the trees were cut, subdivided and piled separately in three groups. All leaf-bearing twigs and leaves were removed from the live branches. New cones and the old cones of the previous years were collected and piled separately. The main stem was cut at 1/3, 2/3 and the top of merchantable height. Green mass of the three sections of the merchantable stem, large live branches, small live branches, dead branches, new and old cones were taken and recorded separately.Green mass of twigs and leaves were taken and recorded together. Green mass the top portion of the main stem was taken andrecorded.One bunch of samples of twigs and leaves (each sample being about 150 gr), some samples from each pile of cones, two sample disks (8 cm to 10 cm length) one from the large and one from the small living branches, four sample disks 3 cm to 4 cm in thickness from the breast height, the lower and of the sections 1/2, 1/3 and of the top of the merchantable stem were collected. All the Sakallı Kızılagaç ( Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn subsp. barbata(C.A. Mey.) Yalt.) Biyokütle Tabloları samples were put in polyethylene bags and brought to the laboratory for further measurements. The annual rings and diameters on the lower side of each disk taken from the stem were measured. A wedge was cut from each disk taken from the stem for wood density measurements. The green-mass and ovendry-mass measurements of the disks taken from the stem, leaves and twigs were taken. The following equation was used to estimate oven-dry weights of single tree components and whole tree.KA + $b_0$ + $b_1d^2$ + $b_2h Daha fazlası Daha az

Daşdemir, İsmet

Makale | 2005 | Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry29 ( 3 ) , pp.211 - 220

Bu çalışma Türkiye'de kamu sektörü ormancılık araştırma projelerinde öncelik belirleme sorununa çözüm getirmek amacıyla ele alınmıştır. Bu amaçla uygulanması ve anlaşılması kolay ve pratik, çok boyutlu, objektif, dinamik, tutarlı ve bilimsel bir metot (kombine metot) geliştirilmiştir. Metodun teorik yapısı, özellikleri, kriterleri ve bu kriterlerin ağırlıklandırılması açıklanmıştır. Kriterlerin seçiminde ve ağıriıklandırılmasında, ulusal kalkınma ve sektörel planlardaki amaçlar ve öncelikler ile ormancılık araştırma projeleri öncelikleri arasında hiyerarşik olarak çok boyutlu tutarlılığı sağlayan, bir yaklaşım izlenmiştir. Çevre ve . . .Orman Bakanlığfna önerilen metot, Türkiye bazında 60 uzmanın katıldığı Araştırma Danışma Çalıştayında, 15 adet yeni ormancılık araştırma projesinin önceliğini belirlemek amacıyla uygulanmıştır. Uygulama sonunda, Türkiye'nin kalkınma amaçlarına, Ormancılık Araştırma Master Planı ve Ulusal Ormancılık Programındaki önceliklere uygun olarak ağaçlandırma, doğa koruma, erozyon kontrolü, mera ıslahı ve agroforestry gibi konuları içeren projelerin ilk sıralarda yer alması, metodun başarılı sonuçlar verdiğini ve kullanılabilir olduğunu göstermektedir. Metodun diğer bazı ülkelerdeki uygulamalardan ve benzer metotlardan farkları ortaya konularak, sağlayacağı faydalar kıt kaynakların etkin kullanımı ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma açısından değerlendirilmiş ve tartışılmıştır. This paper deals with the priority-setting problem in public research projects in the Turkish forestry sector. For this aim, a combined method has been developed, that is scientific, objective, dynamic, consistent, multidimensional, easily applicable and understandable. The theoretical framework, peculiarities and criteria of the method and weighting of the criteria are explained. Assuring hierarchical multidimensional consistency between the purposes and priorities in the national and sectoral plans with the priorities of forestry research projects was followed for selecting the criteria and weighting them. This method was suggested to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and its application was implemented through a case study in the Research Consulting Workshop consisting of 60 participants to determine the priorities of new 15 forestry research projects on the basis of Turkey. The research projects dealing with plantation, nature conservation, erosion control, range improvement and agroforestry were primarily ranked in accordance with the priorities of development purposes, the National Forestry Program and the Forestry Research Master Plan of Turkey. This means that the method gives successful results and it is applicable. Differences between this method and some other similar methods and its benefits were discussed with regards to the effective use of scarce resources and sustainable development Daha fazlası Daha az

Tokgöz H. | Özçifçi A. | Atar M. | Uysal B.

Makale | 1999 | Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry23 ( 6 ) , pp.621 - 625

This study was carried out to determine the shear and bending strength of different end-to-end grain joints, which were glued with PVAc (polyvinyl acetate). For this reason, specimens, prepared from scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris I), were made with three types of end to end grain joints namely: half-lap, mortise and tenon and double mortise-and-tenon. End-to-end grain of half-lap joints gave the highest strength in shear (2.385 N/mm2) and bending (0.540 N/mm2) experiments.

Tankut, Nurgül | Tankut, Ali Naci | Zor, Mustafa

Makale | 2014 | Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry38 ( 1 ) , pp.148 - 158

Te present study examined the bending moment capacity and rigidity of T-type out-of-plane furniture joints and investigated the efects of heat treatment, wood species, and joint type factors on these joints. Heat treatment method clearly decreased the modulus of rupture (MOR) and the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of selected wood species. Te bending strength of wood samples was reduced afer the heat treatment, decreasing with increased loss of mass. For the heat-treated T-type joints, maximum bending strength values were obtained with Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa ) for both mortise and tenon (MT) joints and blind MT (BMT) joints. Te low . . .est reduction in bending strength was observed in Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) constructed with MT joints and with BMT joints. In general, the BMT joint had higher bending strength than MT joints. Te best rigidity constant (7.21) was obtained with control Iroko BMT joints, while the worst rigidity constant (15.10) was obtained with control Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis L.) MT joints. In terms of heat-treated samples, the best rigidity constant (7.59) was obtained with Black pine (Pinus nigra L.) MT joints, while the worst rigidity constant (14.01) was obtained with Oriental spruce BMT joints. Te maximum performance in joint stifness was determined for Iroko sample BMT joints and Iroko MT joints. Lowest reduction in joint stifness was observed in Scotch pine MT joints and Ash BMT joints. Heat treatment, wood type, and joint type had a signifcant efect on the bending strength of T-type MT post-rail joints. BMT joints produced from heat-treated Iroko wood can be considered as the most durable T-type joint for outdoor sitting furniture construction. Te present study examined the bending moment capacity and rigidity of T-type out-of-plane furniture joints and investigated the efects of heat treatment, wood species, and joint type factors on these joints. Heat treatment method clearly decreased the modulus of rupture (MOR) and the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of selected wood species. Te bending strength of wood samples was reduced afer the heat treatment, decreasing with increased loss of mass. For the heat-treated T-type joints, maximum bending strength values were obtained with Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa ) for both mortise and tenon (MT) joints and blind MT (BMT) joints. Te lowest reduction in bending strength was observed in Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) constructed with MT joints and with BMT joints. In general, the BMT joint had higher bending strength than MT joints. Te best rigidity constant (7.21) was obtained with control Iroko BMT joints, while the worst rigidity constant (15.10) was obtained with control Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis L.) MT joints. In terms of heat-treated samples, the best rigidity constant (7.59) was obtained with Black pine (Pinus nigra L.) MT joints, while the worst rigidity constant (14.01) was obtained with Oriental spruce BMT joints. Te maximum performance in joint stifness was determined for Iroko sample BMT joints and Iroko MT joints. Lowest reduction in joint stifness was observed in Scotch pine MT joints and Ash BMT joints. Heat treatment, wood type, and joint type had a signifcant efect on the bending strength of T-type MT post-rail joints. BMT joints produced from heat-treated Iroko wood can be considered as the most durable T-type joint for outdoor sitting furniture construction Daha fazlası Daha az