Türer, Dilek | Genç, Ayten

Article | 2005 | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS119 ( 01.Mar ) , pp.167 - 174

The electroremediation experiments were conducted on artificially polluted soils by introducing a single metallic contaminant (Pb, Zn and Cu) and multiple metallic contaminants (Pb + Zn + Cu). Based on sequential extraction results, it was observed that the removal efficiencies of lead, zinc and copper vary depending on types of contamination. When the soil was contaminated only by lead, the removal efficiency was found to be 48%. However, the removal efficiency of lead decreased to 32% when the soil was contaminated by the combination of lead, zinc and copper. Similar results were observed for zinc and copper. The corresponding rem . . .oval efficiency values for zinc and copper were 92% and 37%, and 34% and 31%, respectively. Effects of electrode geometry on the removal efficiency of metals were investigated by constructing a multiple anode arrangement. In this arrangement, the electrokinetic unit consists of three cylinders, which lie one inside the other, and the soil was placed in the middle cylinder. The central cylinder was the cathode well and the outer cylinder was the anode well, where eight identical anode electrodes were placed in octagonal with respect to the cathode electrode. By using this electrode arrangement in removal of metals from the soil contaminated with the combination of three metals (Pb + Zn + Cu), the removal efficiencies of lead, zinc and copper were found to be 29%, 18% and 18%, respectively. As it can be seen, these numerical values are much lower than the values that were obtained when the traditional two-plate electrode arrangement used in the electroremediation experiments (32%, 37% and 31%). (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved Daha fazlası Daha az

Kılıçay, Ebru | Demirbilek, Murat | Türk, Mustafa | Güven, Eylem | Hazer, Baki | Denkbaş, Emir Baki

Article | 2011 | EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES44 ( 3 ) , pp.310 - 320

Targeted drug delivery systems are one of the most promising alternatives for the cancer therapy. Rapid developments on nanomedicine facilitated the creation of novel nanotherapeutics by using different nanomaterials. Especially polymer based nanoparticles are convenient for this purpose. In this study; a natural polymer (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate), PHBHHX) was used as a base matrix for the production of a novel nanotherapeutic including antineoplastic agent, Etoposide and attached folic acid as a ligand on the nanoparticles. Modified solvent evaporation technique was used for the production of PHBHHX nanoparticle . . .s and the average size of the obtained PHBHHX nanoparticles were observed in the range of 180 nm and 1.5 mu m by the change in experimental conditions (i.e., homogenization rate, surfactant concentration and polymer/solvent ratio). By the increase in homogenization rate and surfactant concentration, size of the nanoparticles was decreased, while the size was increased by the increase in polymer/solvent ratio. Drug loading ratio was also found to be highly affected by polymer/drug ratio. Surface charge of the prepared nanoparticles was also investigated by zeta potential measurements. In the cytotoxicity tests; Etoposide loaded and folic acid attached PHBHHX nanoparticles were observed as more effective on HeLa cells than Etoposide loaded PHBHHX nanoparticles without attached folic acid. The cytotoxicity of folic acid conjugated PHBHHX nanoparticles to cancer cells was found to be much higher than that of normal fibroblast cells, demonstrating that the folate conjugated nanoparticles has the ability to selectively target to cancer cells. In addition, apoptotic/necrotic activities were evaluated for all formulations of the PHBHHX nanoparticles and parallel results with cytotoxicity tests were obtained. These studies demonstrate that the folic acid attached and Etoposide loaded PHBHHX nanoparticles seem as promising for the targeted cancer therapy. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved Daha fazlası Daha az